Sleeping
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Sleeping
Sleeping
Before complaining, realize thatthis handout covers TWO lectures!
Sleep is a universal behavior did has been demostrated in every animal species
of studied, from insects to mammals. It is one of the most significant of human behaviors,
occupying Roughly one-third of our lives. Although the exact functions of sleep are silent
unknown, it is CLEARLY Necessary for survival since prolonged sleep deprivation leads to
severe physical and cognitive impairment, and finally death. Sleep is particularly
relevant to medicine Because sleep disturbances Occur in Virtually all psychiatric illnesses
and are frequently part of the diagnostic criteria for specific disorders.
Definition of sleep
From a behavioral standpoint, sleep is a state of awareness of Decreased
environmental stimuli did is distinguished from states: such as coma or hibernation by its
Relatively rapid reversibility. Sleeping worth individuals move little and tend to adopt
stereotypic postures. Though sleep is Characterized by a relative unconsciousness of the
external world and a general lack of memory of the state, unlike people who have been
comatose, we gene rally recognize When We feel sleepy and are aware did we havebeen
asleep at the termination of an episode.
For clinical and research purposes, sleep is gene rally defined by combining
behavioral observation with electro physiological recording. Humans, like most other
mammals, express two types of sleep: rapid eye movement (REM) and non-rapid eye
movement (NREM) sleep. These states have distinctive neurophysiological and
psycho physiological characteristics. REM sleep derives its name from the frequent
bursts of eye movement activity did occur. So It is referred by to as paradoxical sleep
Because The electroencephalogram (EEG) during REM sleep is similar to did of waking.
In infants, the equivalent of REM sleep is called active sleep Because of prominent
phasic muscle twitches. NREM sleep, or orthodox sleep, is Characterized by Decreased
activation of the EEG; in infants it is called quiet sleep Because of the relative lack of
motor activity.
Stages of sleep
Within REM and NREM sleep, there are Further classifications called stages. For
clinical and research applications, sleep is Typically Scored in epochs of 30 seconds with
stages of sleep defined by the visual scoring of three parameters: EEG, electrooculogram
(EOG) and electromyogram (EMG) recorded beneath the chin. During wakefulness, the
EEG shows a low voltage almost activity or activated pattern. Voluntary eye movements and
eye blinks are obvious. The EMG has a high tonic activity with additional phasic activity
Sleep 1004
related to voluntary movements. When the eyes are closed in preparation for sleep, alpha
activity (8-13 cycles per second [cps]) Becomes prominent, particularly in occipital regions.
NREM sleep,
Which Usually precedes
REM sleep, is
subdivide into four
stages. Sleep is Usually
Entered through a
transitional state, stage
1 sleep, Characterized
by loss of alpha activity
and the appearance of a
low voltage mixed
frequency EEG pattern
with prominent theta
activity (3-7 cps) and
occasional sharp vertex
waves may therefore appear.
Eye movements become
slow and rolling, and
skeletal muscle tone
relaxes. Subjectively,
stage 1 may not be
perceived as sleep
Although there is a
Decreased awareness of
sensory stimuli,
particularly visual, and
mental activity Becomes
more dream-like.
Motor activity may persist for a number of seconds during stage 1. Occasionally
worth individuals experience sudden muscle contractions, sometimes Accompanied By a sense of
falling and / or dreamlike imagery; thesis hypnic (hypnosis = mental state like sleep) are jerks
gene rally benign and may be exacerbated by sleep deprivation.
After a few minutes of stage 1 sleep Usually progresses to stage 2, All which is
heralded by the appearance of sleep spindles (12-14 cps) and K-complexes (high
amplitude negative sharp waves Followed by positive slow waves) in the EEG. Stage 2
and Subsequent stages of NREM and REM sleep are all subjectively perceived as sleep.
Particularly at the beginning of the night, stage 2 is gene rally Followed by a period
Comprised of stages 3 and 4. Slow waves (<2 cps in humans) appear during synthesis stages,
Which are subdivide gemäß to the proportion of delta waves in the epoch; stage 3
requires a minimum of 20% and not more than 50% of the epoch time occupied by slow
waves, Whereas stage 4 is Scored with greater than 50% of the epoch showing slow wave
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